Memory problems
- Ari Manor
- Dr. Nati Blum
- No comments
When is it "normal" forgetfulness, when is it a warning sign, and what can be done?
Memory problems are among the most common complaints in middle-aged and older adults. Sometimes they result from overload, lack of sleep, or stress; at other times, they reflect a decline that warrants medical evaluation. This guide provides an overview of the types of memory problems, their causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment — as well as two “exotic” phenomena that may surprise you.
Types of memory problems – not all are the same
- Attention and working memory: Difficulty “holding” information for a few seconds to a few minutes (instructions, numbers). Sometimes this is an attention problem that feels like a memory problem.
- Short-term memory: Forgetting new events, conversations and meetings from recent days, repeating the same questions, or difficulty learning anything new.
- Retrieving words and names: A feeling of “it’s on the tip of my tongue.” Difficulty retrieving words and names can be normal, but when it is frequent and interferes with communication, it is worth getting checked.
- Functional memory: Difficulty performing familiar tasks (medications, finances, devices). This is already a red flag.
What is considered “normal forgetfulness” and what is more worrisome?
“Normal” forgetfulness usually does not impair independence: for example, forgetting where you put your glasses and then finding them, or forgetting the name of an actor and remembering it a few minutes later. On the other hand, warning signs are:
- Persistent difficulty with orientation
- Dangerous mistakes (such as medication confusion)
- Frequent repetition of the same questions
- A fundamental change that manifests itself at home and at work
If you feel that “something has changed” over time, it is important to undergo a medical evaluation and workup.
What causes memory problems?
Common and sometimes reversible causes
- Lack of sleep, stress and mental strain.
- Depression and anxiety – can impair memory and concentration, and sometimes appear “like dementia.”
- Certain medications (especially sedatives/anti-anxiety medications and some anticholinergic medications), alcohol, and sometimes a complex combination of medications.
- Hearing loss – when you don't hear well, less information is encoded.
- Deficiencies and medical problems such as B12 deficiency or hypothyroidism.
- An acute condition called delirium (acute confusion): for example, following an infection, dehydration, or a new medication. This is a condition that requires prompt medical evaluation.
Neurological factors
- MCI (mild cognitive impairment): An intermediate state in which there is a noticeable decline in memory and/or thinking, but most daily functioning is preserved.
- Dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias) and cerebrovascular disease.
Rare and fascinating phenomena related to memory
- Transient global amnesia: An episode in which a person is unable to form new memories for hours, repeatedly asks “What happened?”, and then usually recovers.
Hyperthymesia: A rare condition at the opposite extreme, in which people remember many days of their lives in remarkable detail.
What can be done to prevent and reduce the risk of memory problems?
- Regular physical activity (walking, strength and balance).
- Keep blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood lipids well controlled.
- Good-quality sleep and treatment for sleep apnea when needed.
- A social life, a sense of purpose, and activities that gently challenge the brain.
- Hearing test and hearing aid fitting when necessary.
- Review medications with a doctor, especially if there is dizziness, drowsiness, or confusion.
- In MCI, for example, it is common to emphasize evaluating risk factors and addressing modifiable factors, including medications that impair thinking.
When should you see a doctor for memory problems?
It is worth consulting a doctor (family physician, geriatrician, or neurologist) if memory problems worsen over time, impair daily functioning (finances, medications, driving, orientation), or if family members notice a clear change.
It is recommended to bring someone close to you who can describe everyday examples, because people around you may notice the change earlier. Diagnosis usually includes a structured conversation, brief cognitive tests, blood tests to rule out reversible factors, and sometimes a neuropsychological assessment and imaging.
How are memory problems treated?
Treatment depends on the cause:
- For temporary forgetfulness, address reversible causes (sleep, mood, hearing, nutritional deficiencies, medications).
- ForMCI, monitor the condition while also improving lifestyle.
- For dementia, combine medical treatment as needed with home adaptations, a clear routine, memory aids (calendar, reminders, labeling cabinets), and support for family caregivers.
When should you see a doctor urgently?
Sudden confusion, speech disorder, weakness/numbness on one side, a fall with a head injury, or a sharp change in behavior – require urgent examination.
Support from EMDA Association
If you are caring for a family member with cognitive decline or dementia, do not go through this alone. Professional guidance and support can make a major difference for both you and your loved one. At EMDA, you can receive information and guidance for caregiving families. You can consult with us free of charge on the telephone helpline *8889.
The authors of the article
Ari Manor is the CEO of the consulting firm ZOOZ, strategy and marketing manager at EMDA Association and an expert in strategy, marketing, AI, and innovation. He holds a Master’s degree (M.Sc.) in human genetics, completed as part of the Interdisciplinary Excellence Program at Tel Aviv University. As a serial entrepreneur, Ari has founded several impact initiatives for the public benefit, including the Social Psychometric initiative in Israel, and the CureFacts project, which makes scientific information about medical treatments accessible to the general public in the US.
Dr. Nati Blum is CEO of EMDA Association and holds a PhD in psychology from the University of Sacramento. Her doctoral dissertation focused on face-to-face group therapy versus virtual group therapy. In her role at EMDA, she draws on her professional and managerial experience to lead efforts to improve the quality of life of people living with dementia, promote their rights, and raise public awareness of dementia in Israel.